Lesser kestrels of the same colony do not overwinter together

Abstract Migratory connectivity describes the linkage between breeding and non-breeding sites, having major ecological implications in birds: one season influence success of an individual or a population following season. Most studies on migratory have used large-scale approaches, often considering regional populations, but fine-scale are also necessary to understand colony connectivity. The lesser kestrel Falco naumanni, insectivorous raptor which form colonies during period, was considered strong based populations. However, no small scale been conducted. Therefore, we GPS-tracked 40 adult kestrels from 15 different Spanish colonies, estimating overlap index home ranges distance their centroids. It found that same placed areas at 347 ± 281 km (mean standard deviation) away each other (range = 23-990), overlapped by 38.4 23.6%. No differences intra-colony inter-colony metrics were found, suggests cluster do not overwinter together, they spread out mixed independently belonging throughout range species. Ultimately, this study highlights importance performing using approaches.